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UTAH - Judicially Authorized Rape: The Newest Weapon in the Prohibitionist Arsenal

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OFF THE WIRE
BY: William Norman Grigg
 LewRockwell.com
Under Utah state law, "object rape" consists of the involuntary "penetration, however slight, of the genital or anal opening of another person who is 14 years of age or older, by any foreign object, substance, instrument, or device…." This act constitutes a form of aggravated sexual assault for which the penalty is a prison term of no less than ten years, followed by lifetime enrollment in the sex offender registry
As 22-year-old Utah resident Stephan Cook discovered, the crime of object rape – like any other offense against person or property – can be transmuted into a policy option when it’s committed pursuant to a government decree. 
While attending Snow College in Ephraim, Utah, four years ago, Cook and a friend were smoking cigarettes near a parked car when they were accosted by several police officers. Following the standard script, the officers – who, let us not forget, were trained to lie– claimed to smell marijuana and demanded to search the car.
Cook and his friend emptied their pockets and consented to a pat-down search. They permitted the officers to search the interior of the car several times with a drug-sniffing dog. Eventually a glass pipe was found in the trunk. Rather than arresting Cook, who was a passenger in the car, the officers ordered him to drive to a nearby police station, supposedly to save his friend the expense of an impound fee.
There was neither probable cause nor reasonable suspicion to justify the search the car. By ordering Cook to drive to the station, the police made it clear that they did not believe that he was under the influence of marijuana. 
Furthermore, Cook didn’t own the car, a fact that severs the thinnest thread connecting him to the glass pipe found in the trunk.
Yet the officers persisted in their effort to manufacture an offense. Cook was detained and informed that he would have to undergo a drug test. When the police demanded that he sign a waiver of his rights, Cook – whose parents are police officers -- repeatedly and explicitly demanded access to an attorney.
"I asked for an attorney because I didn’t know if this was right," Cook recalled in a television interview. "Once I did that, they said ‘We’re getting a search warrant so we’re going to have your urine by the end of the night.’" A "bodily fluids warrant" was issued "authorizing" the cops to obtain a urine sample. It did not, however, specify that the sample could be taken by force. Lindsay Jarvis, Cook’s attorney, informed Pro Libertate that the warrant was issued by a judicial "commissioner," rather than a judge. 
Since the police considered Cook sufficiently sober to drive, they clearly weren’t facing exigent circumstances. Even if we make the unwarranted assumption that the police were entitled to take a urine sample, they had the luxury of collecting one at leisure – but this wouldn’t have satisfied whatever prurient interest they had in inflicting unnecessary pain on a teenage male.
Cook’s abductors took him to the Sanpete Valley Hospital, where Nurse Ratched told them "to hold my shoulders and she undoes my pants and wipes me down with iodine, catheterized me and took my urine," the victim recalls. 
Ms. Jarvis points out that the purpose of this procedure was clearly punitive, not investigative: "Rather than employ a simple blood test, they’re forcibly catheterizing these people."
This satisfies another element of the statutory definition of object rape: The act was committed with the "intent to cause substantial emotional or bodily pain to the victim."
After sexually assaulting Cook, the offenders charged the victim with possession of marijuana and resisting arrest. Even before the matter was brought before a judge, Cook was also slapped with immediate disciplinary action by Snow College.
"The commissioner who issued the warrant was also on the college disciplinary board," Jarvis observed in a phone interview with Pro Libertate. "So his student account was immediately put on hold until he completed a two-month class on alcohol and drug abuse. He wasn’t able to complete his midterms, or register for the following semester. This cost him a lot of money on what amounts to wasted tuition."
Rather than being prosecuted, two of the officers who sexually assaulted Cook– Chad Huff and Justin Aagard –have been promoted. Huff is now Chief of Police in Fountain Green, Utah, and Aagard has been appointed to the same post in nearby Moroni City. In the interest of civic integrity, the municipal governments of Fountain Green and Moroni City should post a warning informing visitors that their respective police departments are under the direction of violent sex offenders. 
Cook, who was forced to take a plea, has filed an $11 million lawsuit against Sanpete County. This has drawn the predictable shoulder-shrug response from county attorney Peter Stirba. "My client officers certainly did not do anything wrong," Stirba declares, insisting that "the officers were acting pursuant to a lawful court order requiring catheterization of Mr. Cook."
Leaving aside the fact that no document or directive can make the act of object rape "lawful," the warrant to which Stirba refers was issued by a county functionary who had no legal training of any kind – and it did not require catheterization. The painful and degrading procedure was inflicted on Cook for the purpose of punishing him for invoking his rights, and to terrorize his friend into compliance: After witnessing what had been done to Cook, the owner of the vehicle surrendered a urine sample "voluntarily."
The gratuitously vicious nature of this episode is further underscored by the fact that although Cook was booked into jail after being violated, the urine samples were never tested, and no record was made of his visit to the hospital.
"What they did was wrong – and I’m pretty sure they’re doing it to other people," Cook observes. Indeed, there’s reason to believe that object rape of this variety has become a preferred tactic in the "war on drugs."
"It was like I had been raped … and all those guards were helping," testified Haley Owen Hooper of her own "forced catheterization" by Sevier County deputies in December 2004. 
Hooper (known at the time as Haley Owen) was a 20-year-old who stood about 5’1" and weighed about 105 pounds. She was pinned beneath a thugscrum of at least four officers – one of whom later gave a self-serving estimate that he weighed 260 pounds. As she struggled beneath a half-ton of tax-subsidized suet, her pants and underwear were removed so a licensed practical nurse could insert the catheter.
A few seconds before the assault began, Hooper had pleaded for the deputies to draw blood instead of sexually violating her.
"I screamed, `Why can’t you just take my blood?’" Hooper testified at trial. "The guy in the black cowboy hat said, `The judge wants urine. We’re going to take urine.’" 
That was a lie, of course. A magistrate had issued a "body fluids" warrant, but it did not specify a urine sample. Furthermore, the affidavit requesting the warrant was "weak and misleading," in the words offederal District Judge K.K. McIff. The officer claimed that Hooper, who was arrested following a traffic stop, was "belligerent and uncooperative … fidgety and nervous," behavior that he described as "consistent with the use of a central nervous system stimulant." He also claimed that the stop was conducted because it was "known by the officers that Haley [Hooper] didn’t have a drivers [sic] license."
The trained liar who filed that affidavit carefully avoided the fact that the "traffic stop" was actually carried out by the Central Utah Narcotics Task Force, who thought that the car was be driven by another person. It wasn’t until the vehicle was stopped that the officers realized that Miss Hooper was behind the wheel. She had committed no traffic infractions to justify the stop. Her agitated behavior – which included treating her captors to some pungent epithets – was not evidence of drug use, but the predictable result of being surrounded by more than a half-dozen strangers who pointed guns at her and barraged her with threats and profane, abusive language. 
Judge McIff’s Memorandum Decision recalls that when the officers demanded to search the vehicle, Hooper "challenged the officers’ authority" by refusing to cooperate. They replied that "they knew more about the law than she did and that they could search anyway." Although nothing incriminating could be found, Hooper’s "contemptuous" attitude simply couldn’t be countenanced – so she was taken to a nearby hospital for summary punishment in the form of sexual humiliation.
The only suitable description of what was done to Hooper is "gang rape" – albeit through the use of an object. Just before that crime was committed, the perpetrators, seeking to preserve the fiction that what they did was legal, placed a phone call to the court clerk to ask if the warrant would apply to both blood and urine. That phone call wouldn’t have been necessary if, as the rapist in the black cowboy hat claimed, the judge had instructed them to collect urine.
The clerk, who allegedly conferred with the judge, supposedly said that the warrant would include the forcible extraction of a urine sample. There is no way to know whether that conversation took place, because no printed or audio record was made of the phone call. 
In July 2010, federal District Judge Dee Benson dismissed Hooper’s lawsuit against the Task Force on the grounds of "qualified immunity." This means that as things presently stand, police in Utah are free to commit object rape in order to teach an object lesson to Mundanes who commit the unforgivable offense called "contempt of cop." Similar conditions prevail elsewhere in the Soyuz
Last September, a federal district court for southern Indiana dismissed a lawsuit filed by Jamie Lockard, who was subjected to a forced catheterization following a traffic stop for supposedly running a stop sign in March 2009. Officer Brian Miller, once again sticking to the preferred script, claimed that he smelled alcohol on Lockard’s breath. A Breathalyzer test returned a BAC of 0.07 – which is under Indiana’s legal limit.


Rather than apologizing for his unwarranted intrusion and bidding Lockard good evening, Miller demanded that Lockard submit to a chemical test. When the motorist refused, Miller abducted (or, as he would say, "arrested") him, filled out a pre-printed application for a search warrant, and faxed it to the local judge. Since this happened at 12:10 a.m., it’s not unreasonable to believe that the warrant Miller obtained was the product of a less than rigorous judicial deliberation.
After Lockard was taken to Dearborn County Hospital, Miller demanded that he provide a sample. Since he was unable to pee on command, Lockard was charged with "obstruction" – a class D felony -- because "he refused to voluntarily give a urine sample," according to Miller’s report. Miller and another officer, Michael Lanning, pinned the victim down while a nurse prepared the catheter.
Originally, the nurse planned to use a straight size 16 Foley catheter. After Lockard pointed out that he suffers from an enlarged prostate, she switched to a smaller Coude catheter. This didn’t improve things for the victim: Lockard described the pain he experienced as "just as if somebody would take a burning hot coal and stick it up your penis."
For several weeks after the incident, Lockard suffered severe burning sensations and other symptoms described by a physician as "consistent with clinical prostatis." After spending some time in jail, Lockard was forced to take a plea for reckless driving. He was given a 180 day suspended sentence, 180 days’ probation, a $100 fine, and assessed $165.00 in court costs. 
Lockard’s lawsuit was dismissed on the familiar, and incurably specious, grounds of "qualified immunity." The ruling took note of more than a half-dozen precedents involving forced catheterization, all of which grant studiously ambiguous permission for police to violate people suspected of harboring "evidence" in the bloodstream. Significantly, two of those precedents – Sparks v. Stutler and Levine v. Roebuck– involved forced catheterization of inmates by prison officials. In each of those cases, a district court judge ruled that the procedure was an impermissible violation of the individual – only to be reversed by a federal judge who decreed that members of the State’s punitive caste enjoy "qualified immunity" to commit object rape, at least with a judge’s consent.
The events described in Lockard v. Lawrenceburg– the case offering the most detailed examination of the issue of object rape by police officers – occurred in Indiana. That state recently enacted a measure recognizing the innate right of innocent people to use lethal defensive force against police officers who commit criminal aggression against their personsor property. I’d like to believe that those two developments are related. 

Three things to know in the event of martial law or invasion... ~Rebel

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OFF THE WIRE
hree things to know in the event of martial law or invasion...
~Rebel

1. The first thing and one of the most important things – DO NOT PANIC. Panic serves two things. First it is a tool used to catchyou off guard so that you are not where you should be and the other is meant to instills in us a since of false hope. I put this first on the list because it is the first offensive push, be it civilian or military; that they will attempt to try.

2. The second thing is ORGANIZATION. We must be pre-organized. When we hear that that the gangs are down the street looting houses, or that the Socialist Government is knocking down doors, we have to be prepared in such a way as to give them something but not the things we need to survive. What we will not give up is our water supply, our food supply and our firearms. Find a place to hide the firearms. There are several hide away tubes on the internet that are water proof that can be purchased at a decent price. They are placed in the ground long ways down so that a simple flower pot can cover the top with a little soil. Good for firearms, dried food, etc. Many other ways are possible such as simply digging in the middle of a very large bush, lining it with plastic and then covering it with dirt and plants.

3. Try to have your NETWORK OF PEOPLE around you that you trust. A phone call from someone who is five minutes away saying “they are headed your way” could be a life saver. In a bad situation, five minutes could mean the difference between freedom and living in a Fema camp. Myself, I will be hiking to a pre-determined area to meet up with others that believe as I do before I let my family sit behind a fence in a Fema camp.

http://www.thedailysheeple.com/three-things-to-know-in-the-event-of-martial-law-or-invasion_052013

Supreme Court rules police must usually try to get warrant before testing blood in DUI cases

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OFF THE WIRE

 http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-rules-police-must-usually-try-to-get-warrant-before-testing-blood-in-dui-cases/2013/04/17/c0e1e7e8-a76a-11e2-9e1c-bb0fb0c2edd9_story.html

  By Associated Press,
Apr 17, 2013 03:25 PM EDT
AP
WASHINGTON — The Supreme Court ruled Wednesday that police usually must try to obtain a search warrant from a judge before ordering blood tests for drunken-driving suspects.
The justices sided with a Missouri man who was subjected to a blood test without a warrant and found to have nearly twice the legal limit of alcohol in his blood.
Justice Sonia Sotomayor wrote for the court that the natural dissipation of alcohol in the blood is generally not sufficient reason to jettison the requirement that police get a judge’s approval before drawing a blood sample.
Missouri and the Obama administration were asking the court to endorse a blanket rule that would have allowed the tests without a warrant.
Eight of the nine justices rejected that plea. Only Justice Clarence Thomas would have held that a warrantless blood test does not violate a suspect’s constitutional rights.
The case stemmed from the arrest of Tyler McNeely in Missouri’s rural Cape Girardeau County. A state trooper stopped McNeely’s speeding, swerving car. The driver, who had two previous drunken-driving convictions, refused to submit to a breath test to measure the alcohol level in his body.
He failed several field sobriety tests. The arresting officer, Cpl. Mark Winder of the Missouri State Highway Patrol, said McNeely’s speech was slurred and he was unsteady on his feet.
There seemed little dispute that Winder had enough evidence to get a warrant for a blood test, but chose not to. Instead, he drove McNeely to a hospital. A technician drew blood from McNeely, who was handcuffed throughout the process.
McNeely’s blood-alcohol content was 0.154 percent, well above the 0.08 percent legal limit.
But the Missouri Supreme Court upheld a lower court order that threw out the results of the blood test. The state high court said the blood test violated the Constitution’s prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures. Police need a warrant to take a suspect’s blood except when a delay could threaten a life or destroy potential evidence, the Missouri court said.
About half the states already prohibit warrantless blood tests in all or most suspected drunken-driving cases.
The Supreme Court did not offer much guidance Wednesday about when police may dispense with a warrant. Justice Anthony Kennedy, in a separate opinion, said a later case may give the court to opportunity to say more on that subject.

The case is Missouri v. McNeely, 11-1425.

Michigan House Unanimously Passes NDAA Nullfication Bill

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OFF THE WIRE
Posted by
LANSING, Mich. (April 19, 2013) – A bill seeking to nullify indefinite detention under the National Defense Authorization Act by blocking state cooperation unanimously passed the Michigan House Thursday.
HB4138 essentially takes Michigan out of the indefinite detention business.
No agency of this state, no political subdivision of this state, no employee of an agency of this state or a political subdivision of this state acting in his or her official capacity, and no member of the Michigan national guard on active state service shall aid an agency of the armed forces of the United States in any investigation, prosecution, or detention of any person pursuant to section 1021 of the national defense authorization act for fiscal year 2012″
Since indefinite detention without due process violates the Fourth Amendment, this bill would effectively prohibit any state cooperation with federal kidnapping and represents a huge step toward protecting due process in the Great Lake State. This would make a big dent in any effort to further restrict due process – and would be a big step forward for Michigan. As Judge Andrew Napolitano has said recently, such widespread noncompliance can make a federal law “nearly impossible to enforce” (video here)
HB4138 passed 109-0.
“I’m not too surprised by the unanimous vote,” bill sponsor Rep. Tom McMillin said. “I mean, who’s going to vote against due process? Who would vote against liberty?”
Michigan has a history of refusing cooperation with federal acts violating basic due process rights. The Michigan legislature passed a personal liberty law in 1855 refusing compliance with the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. The Michigan Personal Freedom Act guaranteed any man or woman claimed as a fugitive slave, “all the benefits of the writ of habeas corpus and of trial by jury.” It also prohibited the use of state or local jails for holding an accused fugitive slave, and made it a crime punishable by a fine of $500 to $1,000. Finally, it made any attempt to send a freedman South into slavery a crime.
Northern personal liberty laws were so effective, South Carolina listed northern state nullification of the Fugitive Slave Act in its Declaration of Causes when it seceded. As Judge Andrew Napolitano said recently, widespread noncompliance can make a federal law “nearly impossible to enforce.” (Video here)
HB4138 will now go to the Senate for approval. The upper chamber already unanimously passed an identical Senate bill 34-0.
ACTION ITEMS
1. Contact your state senator.  If you live in Michigan, contact your senator and trongly but respectfully, urge him or her to vote YES on HB4138 and oppose federally sanctioned kidnapping in Michigan. You can find senate contact information HERE.
2. Encourage your local community to take action as well.  Present the Liberty Preservation Act to your city county, your town council, or your county commissioners.  Various local governments around the country are already passing similar resolutions and ordinances.  Local legislative action present a great way to strengthen a statewide campaign against NDAA indefinite detention
Model legislation HERE .
3. Get connected to what is happening in your state on Facebook. Like and get active on the Michigan Tenth Amendment Center page. Also join the Nullify NDAA group on Facebook HERE.
4.  Share this information widely. Please pass this along to your friends and family.  Also share it with any and all grassroots groups you’re in contact with around the state.  Please encourage them to email this information to their members and supporters.
BACKGROUND ARTICLES AND INFORMATION ON NDAA “INDEFINITE DETENTION”
NDAA: Open Season for the Police State
Scary Potential in Sections 1021 and 1022
Note: while some believe that the 2013 NDAA eliminated indefinite detention, it does not.  Dianne Feinstein introduced a very weak amendment to 2013 – and it failed anyway.  2012 indefinite detention provisions remain in tact – and the Obama administration is aggressively defending them in court.
Also, a case about indefinite detention is still being heard in federal court. Last year, Federal Judge Katherine Forrest struck down these indefinite detention powers as unconstitutional. She issued a temporary court order blocking the use of these powers.  That order was revoked by the appeals court and indefinite detention powers remain while the case is currently on appeal but not decided.
Additionally, when asked by Judge Forrest if the federal government was using indefinite detention in violation of her temporary order blocking it, Barack Obama’s attorneys refused to confirm, leaving the door open that the Feds were potentially using this power in secret, even in outright defiance of an order from the federal courts.
Because of all this, and more, Michigan stands on strong ground to reject a federal power which has already been struck down in federal court and is still pending appeal.
Michael Maharrey [send him email] is the Communications Director for the Tenth Amendment Center. He proudly resides in the original home of the Principles of '98 - Kentucky. See his blog archive here and his article archive here. He also maintains the blog, Tenther Gleanings.

Wind of Change - Congressional Reform Act of 2013

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Wind of Change

Warren Buffet is asking each addressee to forward this email to a minimum of twenty people on their address list; in turn ask each of those to do likewise.  At least 20 if you can.  It has to stop somewhere.
In three days, most people in The United States of America will have this message.

This is one idea that really should
be passed around  *Congressional Reform Act of 2013

1. No Tenure / No Pension.
A Congressman/woman collects a
salary while in office, and receives no
pay when they're out of office.
2. Congress (past, present & future) participates in Social Security.
all funds in the Congressional retirement fund move to the Social Security system immediately. All future funds flow into
the Social Security system, and Congress participates with the American people. It may not be used for any other purpose.
3. Congress can purchase their own retirement plan, just as all Americans do.
4. Congress will no longer vote themselves a pay raise.  Congressional pay will rise
by the lower of CPI or 3%.
 5. Congress loses their current health care system and participates in the same
health care system as the American people.
6. Congress must equally abide by all laws they impose on the American people.
7. All contracts with past and present Congressmen/women are void effective 12/31/13. The American people did not make this contract with Congressmen/women.
Congressmen/women made all these contracts for themselves. Serving in Congress is an honor not a career. The Founding Fathers envisioned citizen legislators, so ours should serve their
term(s), then go home and back to work.

If each person contacts a minimum of twenty people then it will only take three days for most people (in the U.S. ) to receive the message.
Don't you think it's time?
THIS IS HOW YOU FIX CONGRESS!
 If you agree with the above, pass it on.

MAY is Motorcycle awareness month..

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Motorcycle awareness month, so you're going to see posts about it. I keep seeing a lot of comments about the riders being careless. It's both the riders and the cagers. EVERYONE needs to pay attention and Don't drink & drive or ride. Here are some statistics I found...
 Insurance Institute for Highway Safety’s Highway Loss Data Institute report found that:
 More than half of motorcyclist deaths involved at least one other vehicle.
 42 percent of two-vehicle fatal motorcycle crashes involved a vehicle turning left while the motorcycle was going straight, passing, or overtaking the vehicle.
 A little less than half of all motorcycle driver deaths involved no other vehicle.
 Of the 1,791 motorcycle deaths that involved only the motorcyclist.
48 percent were speeding.
 42 percent had blood alcohol concentrations of 0.08 percent or higher.

USA - Cops: U.S. law should require logs of your text messages

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OFF THE WIRE
 by
Silicon Valley firms and privacy groups want Congress to update a 1986-era electronic privacy law. But if a law enforcement idea set to be presented today gets attached, support for the popular proposal would erode.
AT&T, Verizon Wireless, Sprint, and other wireless providers would be required to capture and store Americans’ confidential text messages, according to a proposal that will be presented to a congressional panel today.
The law enforcement proposal would require wireless providers to record and store customers’ SMS messages — a controversial idea akin to requiring them to surreptitiously record audio of their customers’ phone calls — in case police decide to obtain them at some point in the future.
“Billions of texts are sent every day, and some surely contain key evidence about criminal activity,” Richard Littlehale from the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation will tell Congress, according to a copy (PDF) of his prepared remarks. “In some cases, this means that critical evidence is lost. Text messaging often plays a big role in investigations related to domestic violence, stalking, menacing, drug trafficking, and weapons trafficking.”
House subcommittee chairman Jim Sensenbrenner will preside over today's hearing to discuss updating a 1986 privacy law. Legislation backed by Google, Apple, Twitter, Facebook, and other companies is scheduled to be discussed along with law enforcement-backed proposals.
House subcommittee chairman Jim Sensenbrenner (center) will preside over today's hearing to discuss updating a 1986 privacy law. A proposal backed by Google, Apple, Twitter, Facebook, and other companies is scheduled to be discussed along with law enforcement-backed proposals.
(Credit: U.S. House of Representatives)
AT&T, Verizon Wireless, Sprint, and other wireless providers would be required to capture and store Americans' confidential text messages, according to a proposal that will be presented to a congressional panel today.
The law enforcement proposal would require wireless providers to record and store customers' SMS messages -- a controversial idea akin to requiring them to surreptitiously record audio of their customers' phone calls -- in case police decide to obtain them at some point in the future.
"Billions of texts are sent every day, and some surely contain key evidence about criminal activity," Richard Littlehale from the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation will tell Congress, according to a copy (PDF) of his prepared remarks. "In some cases, this means that critical evidence is lost. Text messaging often plays a big role in investigations related to domestic violence, stalking, menacing, drug trafficking, and weapons trafficking."
Littlehale's recommendations echo a recommendation that a constellation of law enforcement groups, including the Major Cities Chiefs Police Association, the National District Attorneys' Association, and the National Sheriffs' Association, made to Congress in December, which was first reported by CNET.


They had asked that an SMS retention requirement be glued onto any new law designed to update the 1986 Electronic Communications Privacy Act for the cloud computing era -- a move that would complicate debate over such a measure and erode support for it among civil libertarians and the technology firms lobbying for a rewrite.

Excerpts from court opinion in Rhode Island murder case

"Sgt. Gates sent a letter to T-Mobile in advance of obtaining the warrant for the T-Mobile phone records to ask the service provider to preserve the information that he expected to request by the warrant. T-Mobile produced the requested information on October 20, 2009, and the records show that Defendant's use of the T-Mobile cell phone was almost exclusively for text messaging. The results also reveal that T-Mobile does not store, and has no capacity to produce, the content of subscriber text messages....
"Unlike T-Mobile, Verizon was able to produce records with text messaging content in them. The content of the LG cell phone matches the photographs taken on October 4, 2009 by Det. Cushman, including a text message which reads, 'Wat if I got 2 take him 2 da hospital wat do I say and dos marks on his neck omg,' which is the message that Sgt. Kite testified to having seen that morning....
"Sprint/Nextel responded on October 13, 2009. It produced two preserved text messages, both of which were unrelated to this case, and no voice mail messages."
Today's hearing before a House Judiciary subcommittee chaired by Rep. Jim Sensenbrenner (R-Wisc.) is designed to evaluate how ECPA should be upgraded. CNET reported yesterday that the Justice Department is proposing that any ECPA changes expand government surveillance powers over e-mail messages, Twitter direct messages, and Facebook direct messages in some ways, while limiting it in others. A Google representative is also testifying.
While the SMS retention proposal could open a new front in Capitol Hill politicking over electronic surveillance, the concept of mandatory data retention is hardly new. The Justice Department under President Obama has publicly called for new laws requiring Internet service providers to record data about their customers, and a House panel approved such a requirement in 2011.
Wireless providers' current SMS retention policies vary. An internal Justice Department document (PDF) that the ACLU obtained through the Freedom of Information Act shows that, as of 2010, AT&T, T-Mobile, and Sprint did not store the contents of text messages. Verizon did for up to five days, a change from its earlier no-logs-at-all position, and Virgin Mobile kept them for 90 days. The carriers generally kept metadata such as the phone numbers associated with the text for 90 days to 18 months; AT&T was an outlier, keeping it for as long as seven years.
An e-mail message from a detective in the Baltimore County Police Department, leaked by Antisec and reproduced in a 2011 Wired article, says that Verizon keeps "text message content on their servers for 3-5 days." And: "Sprint stores their text message content going back 12 days and Nextel content for 7 days. AT&T/Cingular do not preserve content at all. Us Cellular: 3-5 days Boost Mobile LLC: 7 days"
During a criminal prosecution of a man for suspected murder of a 6-year-old boy, police in Cranston, R.I., tried to obtain copies of a customer's text messages from T-Mobile and Verizon. Superior Court Judge Judith Savage said at the time that, although she was "not unfamiliar with cell phones and text messaging," she "was stunned" to learn that providers had such different policies.
Littlehale also proposed that any attempt to update ECPA include revised "emergency" language that would allow police to demand records from providers without search warrants in some cases.
Chris Calabrese, legislative counsel for the ACLU, says he's skeptical about expanding emergency access. "Emergency can't be a magic word," he says. "Emergencies have to be documented subsequently to a judge the same way we would with a wiretap."

What Is Jury Nullification?

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OFF THE WIRE
From Station.6.Underground
What is Jury Nullification? You won’t find it defined in your dictionary or described in your encyclopedia. You weren’t taught about it in school, and indeed it is even considered a crime to tell other people about it in some circumstances. Imagine that for a moment – it is a crime to inform a citizen as to their right, even the scope of their duty while serving on a jury.
According to the Wikipedia entry:
Jury nullification is a constitutional doctrine which allows juries to acquit criminal defendants who are technically guilty, but who do not deserve punishment. It occurs in a trial when a jury reaches a verdict contrary to the judge’s instructions as to the law. 
A jury verdict contrary to the letter of the law pertains only to the particular case before it. If a pattern of acquittals develops, however, in response to repeated attempts to prosecute a statutory offence, this can have the de facto effect of invalidating the statute. A pattern of jury nullification may indicate public opposition to an unwanted legislative enactment…
Most Americans have never even heard of such a doctrine. Thanks to numerous TV shows and real-life judges telling us that the only function of the jury is to render a decision based strictly upon the facts of the case, a key tenet of the justice system envisioned by the Founding Fathers has been lost. You see, it is not only the job of the jury to weigh guilt or innocence against the letter of the law, but also to judge the just nature of the statutes themselves. In this way, The People ultimately retain power over the government, rather than the government dictating to The People what is and what is not justice. This tenet is instrumental in protecting ourselves, as The People, from tyrannical laws and cronyism. This is why we have a jury system in the first place, not simply to act as a cog in the wheel of the justice system, but to be the justice in the system.
Let us imagine for a moment, that you live in a city where the Mayor makes soda-pop illegal. So illegal that he actually signs into law a criminal statute that makes it a jailable offense to dispense soda-pop. He makes a public campaign to warn about the evils of soda-pop, how detrimental it is to your health, while being crowned king of national doughnut day, and holding a vast amount stock in the city’s number-one importer of iced-tea.
Fascist Food and Nutrition Nazis
Now let us imagine that you are sitting on the jury for a criminal trial of a single-mom arrested for selling soda-pop to her neighbor, which had been “smuggled” in from outside of the city limits, and that the transaction was captured on an audio-video recording by police. You see that she is plainly guilty of violating the law, technically, but can’t in good-conscience send her off to jail for a year. You, and other jury members voice that dilemma to the judge, who then instructs you to render a verdict based strictly on the facts of the case, the evidence presented, and that all other considerations have no bearing on your duty to render a verdict. What do you do? It appears that you have no choice, and you find her guilty.
But if you had actually been a FULLY INFORMED JUROR, rather than just listening to the instructions of the judge who owed his career to the Mayor, you would have known that you did have an alternative. That it was not actually illegal for you to ignore the judge’s instructions, and that you could have rendered a verdict based on your conscience rather than a law in a book. You would have known that Jury Nullification not only gives you this right, but that it is your duty as a juror to render your verdict in such a manner. In this way, you see, not only have you protected the accused from overzealous and tyrannical prosecution, but you have also struck a blow against cronyism. Cronyism by the Mayor who stands to make a profit from the law he made, in relation to the company stocks he owns and the companies that own him. Cronyism by police and prosecutors who turn a profit on the backs of the taxpayers for every arrest and prosecution they make, maintaining their job security and giving the United States the largest prison population in the world in the process.
Imagine how many ridiculous laws would be suddenly rendered obsolete. Imagine how many frivolous prosecutions would be avoided. Imagine how many people would not be sitting in prison today for victimless crimes. Imagine how much lower your taxes would be if you didn’t have to pay for all this nonsense. Imagine how powerless the government would suddenly find itself, in the face of a population that was no longer going to take any of their shit.
Maybe that’s why the principle of Jury Nullification is the most taboo subject in our justice system today, and has been continually eroded in landmark decisions by the courts since 1895, as time has distanced us from the core principles of liberty on which this nation was founded.
In 1794, the case of Georgia v. Brailsford was being heard before the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS). The court’s first Chief Justice, John Jay, established precedent that the Common Law practice of Jury Nullification was valid in the United States. He wrote, in part…
“It may not be amiss, here, Gentlemen, to remind you of the good old
rule, that on questions of fact, it is the province of the jury, on
questions of law, it is the province of the court to decide. But it must
be observed that by the same law, which recognizes this reasonable
distribution of jurisdiction, you have nevertheless a right to take upon
yourselves to judge of both, and to determine the law as well as the fact in controversy.
On this, and on every other occasion, however, we
have no doubt, you will pay that respect, which is due to the opinion of
the court: For, as on the one hand, it is presumed, that juries are the
best judges of facts; it is, on the other hand, presumbable, that the
court are the best judges of the law. But still both objects are
lawfully, within your power of decision.”
That precedent held, unmolested, for 99 years. Prior to the Civil War, the Fugitive Slave Act made it a Federal Crime to help escaped slaves, but jury nullification was instrumental in undermining that law and bringing an end to slavery America. Jurors refused to render a guilty verdict against those who had helped escaped slaves. But in 1895, the Supreme Court of the United States struck it’s first blow against the Common Law principle of Jury Nullification. In Sparf v. United States, SCOTUS held in a 5-4 decision that federal judges were not required to inform jurors of their inherent right to judge the law in a case.
In the 1969, the Fourth Circuit upheld in the case of U.S. v. Moylan that a court could refuse to allow instruction to a jury regarding nullification, yet hypocritically upheld the jurors inherent right to nullify. In other words, they were denying the right of the juror to be informed of their right, while still maintaining the validity of Jury Nullification stating,
“If the jury feels the law is unjust, we recognize the undisputed power of
the jury to acquit.”
In the 1972 case of United States v Dougherty  the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit maintained that the courts could deny the defense a chance to instruct a jury on their right to nullify.
In 1988, in U.S. v. Krzyske, the jury asked the judge about jury nullification. The judge responded “There is no such thing as valid jury nullification.” The jury convicted the defendant, and the judge’s answer was upheld on appeal. Another judge did dissent however, and cited United States v. Wilson, 629 F. 2d 439 – Court of Appeals, 6th Circuit 1980, that the panel had unanimously decided “In criminal cases, a jury is entitled to acquit the defendant because it has no sympathy for the government’s position.”
In 1997, the Second Circuit ruled that jurors can be removed if there is evidence that they intend to nullify the law, under Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 23(b). There have even been instances of jurors being removed and mistrials declared after informed-jury activists distributed literature near courthouses.
Now here’s one final gut-check for the uninformed public. We often assume that it is the job of the defense attorney to defend their client to the best of their ability, with all of the knowledge at their disposal. This is not true, however. Attorneys, including defense attorneys, are an Officer of the Court. This means that their first duty is to the law, and not their client. With a sworn oath to uphold the law, they are forbidden from advocating jury nullification. Your lawyer works for the court, not you.
If you ever sit on a jury, remember one important fact. You do not work for the court.
Lawmall.com
A History of Jury Nullification
The Straight Dope
stationsixunderground@gmail.com

Bill Is Introduced To Prohibit Federal Funding Of Motorcycle Only Checkpoints, BOUT` TIME...

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   You may want to comment on Cyril Huze site in reference to bill to prohibit federal funding of motorcycle only checkpoints

http://cyrilhuzeblog.com/2013/04/17/bill-is-introduced-to-prohibit-federal-funding-of-motorcycle-only-checkpoints/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+cyrilhuzeblog+%28Cyril+Huze+Post%29


The Motorcycle Riders Foundation (MRF) reports that Congressman Jim Sensenbrenner from Wisconsin, announced Monday, April 15th that he will file a bill to prohibit the federal funding of motorcycle only roadside checkpoints.
Sensenbrenner had this to say in a “Dear Colleague” that is circulating in the House of Representatives. “In the 112th Congress, I introduced H.R. 904, a bill to prohibit the Department of Transportation (DOT) from providing funds to state and local authorities for the purpose of creating motorcycle only checkpoints. Section 1 of the Stop Motorcycle Checkpoint Funding Act contains the same language as H.R. 904. However, this bill also contains language to force the DOT to focus motorcycle safety efforts on crash prevention programs, not national helmet mandates.”
The bill will officially be introduced on May 6, 2013 and get its official bill number then. It’s important to contact your sitting member of the House of Representatives and ask them to be an original cosponsor of this important legislation. Ask them to contact Congressman James Sensenbrenner and lend their support. An “Original Cosponsor” is someone who supports the bill before it is made public and is a way to strongly support a new bill. The more original cosponsors the better. You can contact the US Capitol Switchboard at (202) 224-3121. The entire text of the “Dear Colleague” letter from  F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr., member of Congress, is reproduced after the jump.
STOP MOTORCYCLE CHECKPOINT FUNDING
Dear Colleague,
On May 6, I will introduce a bill to protect motorcyclists’ rights and promote crash prevention as the most effective use of taxpayer money to save motorcyclists’ lives. I ask for your support as an original cosponsor of the Stop Motorcycle Checkpoint Funding Act.
In the 112th Congress, I introduced H.R. 904, a bill to prohibit the Department of Transportation (DOT) from providing funds to state and local authorities for the purpose of creating motorcycle only checkpoints.
Section 1 of the Stop Motorcycle Checkpoint Funding Act contains the same language as H.R. 904. However, this bill also contains language to force the DOT to focus motorcycle safety efforts on crash prevention programs, not national helmet mandates.
Section 3 of the Stop Motorcycle Checkpoint Funding Act amends Section 153 of Title 23 USC by removing “motorcycle helmets” from the title. This change will prohibit the DOT from providing grants to a State to enforce helmet laws. This will stop the DOT from manipulating State policies with federal money.
Section 4 of this bill amends Section 402 of Title 23 USC. Current law states that highway safety plans must prevent accidents and reduce injuries. The Stop Motorcycle Checkpoint Funding Act would require highway safety plans to include programs that prevent accidents in order to reduce injuries and deaths resulting from accidents involving motor vehicles and motorcycles. This small change will make a significant impact because it highlights that preventing accidents is the best way to save motorcyclists’ lives.
Please contact Todd Washam (todd.washam@mail.house.gov to cosponsor this bill. I look forward to your support on this important issue.
Sincerely,
F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr., Member Of Congress.

A BILL

To stop motorcycle checkpoint funding, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.This Act may be cited as the ''Stop Motorcycle Checkpoint Funding Act''.

SEC. 2. GRANT RESTRICTION.The Secretary of Transportation may not provide a grant or any funds to a State, county, town, or township, Indian tribe, municipal or other local government to be used for any program to check helmet usage or create checkpoints for an operator of motorcycle or passenger on a motorcycle.

SEC. 3. MOTORCYCLE SAFETY.Section 153 of title 23, United States Code, is amended-

(1) in the section heading by striking ''and motorcycle helmets'';(2) in subsection (a) by striking ''such fiscal year-'' and everything that follows through ''(2) a law'' and inserting ''such fiscal year a law'';(3) in subsection (b) by striking ''State laws'' each place it appears and inserting ''a State law'';(4) in subsection (f) by amending paragraphs(2) and (3) to read as follows:

''(2) SECOND-YEAR GRANTS.-A State is eligible for a grant under this section in a fiscal year succeeding the first fiscal year in which a State receives a grant under this section only if the State in the preceding fiscal year had in effect at all times a State law described in subsection (a) and achieved a rate of compliance with such law of not less than 50 percent. ''(3) THIRD-YEAR GRANTS.-A State is eligible for a grant under this section in a fiscal year succeeding the second fiscal year in which a State receives a grant under this section only if the State in the preceding fiscal year had in effect at all times a State law described in subsection (a) and achieved a rate of compliance with such law of not less than 70 percent.''

SEC. 4. HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAMS.Section 402(a)(2)(A) of title 23, United States Code, is amended by striking clause(iv) and inserting the following:

''(iv) to prevent accidents in order to reduce injuries and deaths resulting from accidents involving motor vehicles and motorcycles;''.

 COMMENT
If the feds do not fund these types of activities most likely the states do not spend their own money to try and implement and enforce them. We need more friends like Representative Sensenbrenner.
If you read this legislation it goes a little further in that it prohibits DOT from continuing its national mandatory helmet campaign. Bikers of america you had better wake up. NHTSA was prohibited from lobbying states on madatory helmet laws so they pushed it over to DOT and the Center for Desease Control and the United Nations.
These days everyone wants to be in a club, riding or MC. You had better rethink you affilation attitude and think about the organizations that protect your rights both at the national and state levels. Sit on your ass and the feds will hand it to you.
 Hildy

PUBLIC RECORDS ACT GUIDELINES

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INTRODUCTION
These California Public Records Act guidelines describe the prescribed steps necessary for requesting access to inspect and/or obtain copies of public records maintained by the Department of California Highway Patrol (“the Department”) OR ANY CA POLICE DEPT...
The legislative enactment of the California Public Records Act (“the Act”) constituted a statement of policy that access to information concerning the conduct of the people’s business is a fundamental and necessary right of every person in this state. This policy was made part of the California State Constitution in 2004. It is the policy of the State that governmental records will be disclosed to the public upon request, unless the law provides an exemption from disclosure.
The general assumption is that all records held by state agencies are public and must be made available to the public promptly upon request. However, the Legislature has recognized the need to balance the public’s right to know against compelling rights to privacy and the government’s need to perform its functions in a reasonable efficient manner. As such, the Act contains several specific exemptions from disclosure and incorporates several other statutes that prohibit state employees from disclosing certain types of public records. It is the Department’s burden to justify any withholding of public records.
The Act also establishes reasonable procedures providing for prompt disclosure while allowing state agencies the time to locate records and to determine which records, if any, are exempt from disclosure. The Department’s policy is to provide all members of the public convenient access to, and to promptly make the fullest possible disclosure of, its public records. Department personnel are available to assist persons making such requests and will solicit the assistance of the requestor when clarification of requested records is needed so as to make focused and effective requests that reasonably describe identifiable records. As a law enforcement agency the Department is entitled to treat certain records as exempt from disclosure, and express provisions of the Act, Penal Code, and Vehicle Code, among others, preclude public disclosure of certain records. When a request to review or obtain records is received, whether made in person, by mail, or by other means, it may be necessary for staff to first locate, then secure, and then review the requested items so that a determination can be made whether one or more exemptions apply, prior to having the records made available for viewing or copies provided.
HOW TO REQUEST ACCESS TO A PUBLIC RECORD
Anyone wishing to make a public records request in person may do so during regular business hours at any Department office that is open to the public. Department personnel shall not ask or demand that persons requesting to inspect records provide their identification or the reasons for wanting to inspect records. However, if records are to be picked up or mailed to a requestor, relevant identifying information must be provided. Written requests to inspect or to obtain a copy of a public record should be
addressed to the Department, to any area office, field division office, or to Department Headquarters. The Headquarters address is
California Highway Patrol
601 North 7th Street
Sacramento, CA 95811
Attention: Public Records Coordinator
The Headquarters facsimile for requests under the Act is 916-322-3219. The written request need not be in any particular form, but should sufficiently describe the requested records to enable Department personnel to identify and locate the records sought. While not required by the Act, it is helpful for the request to include a telephone number or address where the person requesting the record can be reached to expedite the resolution of any questions concerning the request that may arise.
THE DEPARTMENT’S RESPONSE TO PUBLIC RECORDS REQUESTS
If the records are clearly disclosable, they will be made available as soon as possible. However, in most cases staff will have to review the records to determine whether all or part maybe privileged, confidential, or otherwise exempt from disclosure. Within 10 days from the date the request is received, the Department will determine whether the request, in whole or in part, seeks copies of disclosable public records in the Department’s possession and notify the requestor of such determination. In unusual circumstances, the 10-day time limit may be extended up to an additional 14 days by written notice to the requestor, setting forth the reason for the time extension (i.e., the request is too voluminous, seeks records held off site, or requires consultation with other agencies). The Department may need to request additional information if the request is not specific enough to permit the identification of the requested records. If the determination by the Department is made to comply with the request, the records will be made available as promptly as is reasonably practicable. While the Department will disclose or otherwise make available identifiable and existing records, the Act does not require the Department to create, synthesize, manufacture, or summarize records: the Act specifically does not obligate the Department to develop new records so as to be able to respond to a request.
Any request may be denied if the records sought are determined to be privileged, confidential or otherwise exempt from disclosure, or are not found in the Department’s files or records. Notification of such a determination will be provided. The Department must justify the withholding of any record by demonstrating that the record is exempt under the Act or that the public interest in nondisclosure outweighs the public interest in disclosure. In most circumstances, when the Department removes or redacts exempt information from the record, it will disclose the remainder of the record.
REQUESTS TO VIEW PUBLIC RECORDS
Public records may be reviewed during regular business hours (generally weekdays from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. excluding holidays), at Department offices open to the public. Individuals who are interested in viewing public records are encouraged to make an appointment in advance. Appointments are not mandatory but can help Department staff facilitate the request, and the failure to make an appointment may result in a delay while the records are located and reviewed. Persons wishing to enter secured parts of the Department buildings must comply with the Department’s security protocol, including providing identification.
REQUEST FOR COPIES OF PUBLIC RECORDS
The Department will make copies of records for members of the public upon request. The Act provides that copies of records will be made promptly available upon payment of fees that cover the direct costs of duplication. The Department currently charges $0.30 per page for copying. The direct cost of duplication includes the pro rata expense of the duplicating equipment and the staff required to make a copy of that record. Direct costs of duplication does not include the staff person’s time in researching, retrieving, redacting and mailing the record. When the Department must compile electronic data, extract information from an electronic record, or undertake computer programming to satisfy a request, the Department may require the requestor to bear the full costs, not just the direct cost of duplication.
A public record that is not exempt from disclosure that is in an electronic format will be made available in an electronic format, if requested, but only if it does not jeopardize the security or integrity of the record or any proprietary software. The requestor will be charged the cost of producing an electronic copy of the record. Alternative charges apply for public records that are maintained in other formats, such as audio or video.
HOW TO CHALLENGE THE DEPARTMENT’S DETERMINATION NOT TO DISCLOSE RECORDS
Under the Act any person may seek mandamus, injunctive or declarative relief in any court of competent jurisdiction to enforce the right to inspect or to receive a copy of any public record.
These guidelines are posted in a conspicuous public place at Department offices that are open to the public, are available free of charge to any person who requests them, and are also available on the Department’s website (www.chp.ca.gov).

NUFF SAID..

CA - Protect Your Right to a Trial for Traffic Tickets

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Stop AB666

Protect Your Right to a Trial for Traffic Tickets
What does AB666 Do?

  • Eliminates Your Right to a Trial if You Get a Red Light Camera Ticket
  • Makes You Responsible for the Ticket Even When Someone Else Is Driving
  • Sets up Kangaroo “Administrative Hearing” Courts Run By Those Who Gave You the Ticket
  • No Evidence Other than the Ticket Itself is Needed to Convict You
  • No Right to Face Your Accuser
  • You Are Assumed Guilty and Have to Prove Your Innocence
  • You Will Have to Pay a Fee If You Want Your Case Heard in Court
  • Expands the Use of Photo Enforcement to Other Traffic Violations

Call California Assembly Member Bob Wieckowski and tell him Stop Selling Us Out to the Red Light Camera Companies

DAY OF PROTEST
Tomorrow March 21st
Call (916) 319-2025
Ask for Ashley Medina, his Legislative Aid or just leave a message.
If the line is busy, keep calling till you get through

Sign the petition to stop AB 666 and get more info here


Lane Splitting Guidelines

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Lane Splitting Guidelines

Lane splitting in a safe and prudent manner is not illegal in the
state of California. The term lane splitting, sometimes known as lane
sharing, filtering or white-lining, refers to the process of a
motorcyclist riding between lanes of stopped or slower moving traffic
or moving between lanes to the front of traffic stopped at a traffic
light.

Motorcyclists who are competent enough riders to lane split, should
follow these general guidelines if choosing to lane split:
 1) Travel at a speed that is no more than 10 MPH faster than other
traffic – danger increases at higher speed differentials.

2) It is not advisable to lane split when traffic flow is at 30 mph or
faster – danger increases as overall speed increases.

3) Typically, it is more desirable to split between the #1 and #2 lanes
than between other lanes.

4) Consider the total environment in which you are splitting, including
the width of the lanes, size of surrounding vehicles, as well as
roadway, weather, and lighting conditions.

 5) Be alert and anticipate possible movements by other road users.
The Four R's or “Be-Attitudes” of Lane Splitting:
Be Reasonable, be Responsible, be Respectful, be aware of all Roadway
and traffic conditions.
Note:These general guidelines are not guaranteed to keep you safe.
Lane splitting should not be performed by inexperienced riders. These
guidelines assume a high level of riding competency and experience.
Every rider has ultimate responsibility for his or her own decision
making and safety. Riders must be conscious of reducing crash risk at
all times.

Messages for Other Vehicle Drivers
    Lane splitting by motorcycles is not illegal in California when
done in a safe and prudent manner.
    Motorists should not take it upon themselves to discourage
motorcyclists from lane splitting.
- Intentionally blocking or impeding a motorcyclist in a way that
could cause harm to the rider is illegal (CVC 22400).
- Opening a vehicle door to impede a motorcycle is illegal (CVC 22517).
Getting everyone home safe is a shared responsibility.

Courts Wrestle With Police Officer Credibility

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Courts Wrestle With Police Officer Credibility
Cases in Washington, DC and Iowa explore different extremes of whether
police traffic stop testimony is always believable.

When a court judges whether a motorist is guilty of a traffic offense,
the evidence frequently rests on the word of a police officer against
that of the accused driver. In such cases, the edge is automatically
given to law enforcement, even if there is reason to believe officers
may twist or fabricate the facts.

The US District Court for the District of Columbia on Friday
confronted the question in evaluating an October 21, 2011 traffic stop
in Washington. Officer Kenneth Thompkins stopped Maurice Williams in
the 6300 block of Georgia Avenue NW, claiming he had seen Williams
enter his white Chevrolet Traverse and drive away without wearing a
seatbelt. Thompkins had been following Williams, who insists not only
that he was wearing a seatbelt, but that there also was good reason to
believe that Thompkins would not have been able to see whether he was
wearing one from his position.

Under court precedent, an officer's subjective motivation for stopping
someone is irrelevant. What matters is whether he can articulate a
reason to suspect a crime, no matter how minor, was being committed.
According to Judge Beryl A. Howell, Williams testified "convincingly"
that he was wearing a seatbelt.

"The court finds defendant Maurice Williams' testimony on this issue
credible," Judge Howell wrote. "Nevertheless, the officer was
unswerving in his affirmation that, through the back tinted window of
the car, he could see that the defendant did not fasten his seatbelt."

Both witnesses were found to be equally credible, but the edge was
given to the policeman because the courts allow him to be wrong.

"Crediting defendant Maurice Williams' testimony as true, the hearing
established no explanation for Officer Thompkins' otherwise mistaken
factual assessment that the defendant was not wearing his seatbelt,
other than the possibility that the tinted back window, combined with
the lack of color differentiation between the seatbelt and the
defendant's shirt, made it appear as if the seatbelt were unfastened,"
Howell ruled. "As in Whren, even if Officer Thompkins were mistaken
about the seatbelt being unfastened, it was objectively reasonable,
even if mistaken, for him to believe a traffic violation had occurred
and, therefore, the stop of Maurice Williams' vehicle was valid under
the Fourth Amendment."

It may take a dashboard video camera to establish what actually
happened during a traffic stop. In a July 11 ruling, the Iowa Court of
Appeals overturned Blake M. Wilkerson's conviction for driving under
the influence of marijuana after determining that Ringgold County
Sheriff's Deputy Arends lied about the traffic stop he conducted on
January 11, 2011. At a hearing, Arends testified that he saw
Wilkerson's truck "weave within its own lane" and cross the center
divider.

According to the three-judge panel, the only violation seen in the
video was Wilkerson's Fourth Amendment right not to be seized without
probable cause.

"From our de novo review of the patrol car's recording, it is apparent
the recording does not show repeated weaving between boundary lines or
sustained, inappropriate crossing of the center line while climbing
the hill immediately prior to the stop," Chief Judge Larry J.
Eisenhauer wrote. "Rather, based on the position of the always-visible
taillights, Wilkerson's driving is smooth, nondescript, and
unremarkable."

Because the video contradicted the officer's testimony, the court
reversed Wilkerson's conviction. View a copy of the Iowa decision
(130k PDF). The DC case is available in a 250k PDF at the source link
below.

Source:  US v. Williams (US District Court, District of Columbia, 7/20/2012)

HOW TO DEAL WITH POLICE


Police Lie Under Oath; Their Testimony Shouldn’t Be Trusted More Than Any Other Witness...

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By Michelle Alexander
Thousands of people plead guilty to crimes every year in the United States because they know that the odds of a jury’s believing their word over a police officer’s are slim to none. As a juror, whom are you likely to believe: the alleged criminal in an orange jumpsuit or two well-groomed police officers in uniforms who just swore to God they’re telling the truth, the whole truth and nothing but? As one of my colleagues recently put it, “Everyone knows you have to be crazy to accuse the police of lying.”
But are police officers necessarily more trustworthy than alleged criminals? I think not. Not just because the police have a special inclination toward confabulation, but because, disturbingly, they have an incentive to lie. In this era of mass incarceration, the police shouldn’t be trusted any more than any other witness, perhaps less so.
That may sound harsh, but numerous law enforcement officials have put the matter more bluntly. Peter Keane, a former San Francisco Police commissioner, wrote an article in The San Francisco Chronicle decrying a police culture that treats lying as the norm: “Police officer perjury in court to justify illegal dope searches is commonplace. One of the dirty little not-so-secret secrets of the criminal justice system is undercover narcotics officers intentionally lying under oath. It is a perversion of the American justice system that strikes directly at the rule of law. Yet it is the routine way of doing business in courtrooms everywhere in America.”
Mr. Keane, in his Chronicle article, offered two major reasons the police lie so much. First, because they can. Police officers “know that in a swearing match between a drug defendant and a police officer, the judge always rules in favor of the officer.” At worst, the case will be dismissed, but the officer is free to continue business as usual. Second, criminal defendants are typically poor and uneducated, often belong to a racial minority, and often have a criminal record. “Police know that no one cares about these people,” Mr. Keane explained.
All true, but there is more to the story than that.
Police departments have been rewarded in recent years for the sheer numbers of stops, searches and arrests. In the war on drugs, federal grant programs like the Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant Program have encouraged state and local law enforcement agencies to boost drug arrests in order to compete for millions of dollars in funding. Agencies receive cash rewards for arresting high numbers of people for drug offenses, no matter how minor the offenses or how weak the evidence. Law enforcement has increasingly become a numbers game. And as it has, police officers’ tendency to regard procedural rules as optional and to lie and distort the facts has grown as well. Numerous scandals involving police officers lying or planting drugs — in Tulia, Tex. and Oakland, Calif., for example — have been linked to federally funded drug task forces eager to keep the cash rolling in.
Exposing police lying is difficult largely because it is rare for the police to admit their own lies or to acknowledge the lies of other officers. This reluctance derives partly from the code of silence that governs police practice and from the ways in which the system of mass incarceration is structured to reward dishonesty. But it’s also because police officers are human.
Research shows that ordinary human beings lie a lot — multiple times a day — even when there’s no clear benefit to lying. Generally, humans lie about relatively minor things like “I lost your phone number; that’s why I didn’t call” or “No, really, you don’t look fat.” But humans can also be persuaded to lie about far more important matters, especially if the lie will enhance or protect their reputation or standing in a group.
The natural tendency to lie makes quota systems and financial incentives that reward the police for the sheer numbers of people stopped, frisked or arrested especially dangerous. One lie can destroy a life, resulting in the loss of employment, a prison term and relegation to permanent second-class status. The fact that our legal system has become so tolerant of police lying indicates how corrupted our criminal justice system has become by declarations of war, “get tough” mantras, and a seemingly insatiable appetite for locking up and locking out the poorest and darkest among us.
https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/motorcyle-helmet-laws/id573720859?mt=8The Worst Kept Secret Cops Lie:
http://blog.simplejustice.us/2009/12/02/the-worst-kept-secret-cops-lie.aspx
This was shared by Joe via CopBlock.org’s ‘submit tab.’

Recording Police in public

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Good stuff for those who care . . . spread the word.
The link below explains the legalities of recording police in public. This is a good resource.
http://www.rcfp/. org/sites/ default/files/ docs/20130307_ 135451_garcia. pdf

Lane Splitting General Guidelines For Motorcycles

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Lane splitting in a safe and prudent manner is not illegal in the state of California.

The term lane splitting, sometimes known as lane sharing, filtering or white-lining, refers to the process of a motorcyclist riding between lanes of stopped or slower moving traffic or moving between lanes to the front of traffic stopped at a traffic light. 
Lane splitting in a safe and prudent manner is not illegal in the state of California.
The term lane splitting, sometimes known as lane sharing, filtering or white-lining, refers to the process of a motorcyclist riding between lanes of stopped or slower moving traffic or moving between lanes to the front of traffic stopped at a traffic light.
Motorcyclists who are competent enough riders to lane split, should follow these general guidelines if choosing to lane split:
1) Travel at a speed that is no more than 10 MPH faster than other traffic– danger increases at higher speed differentials. 
- A speed differential of 10 miles per hour or less allows an alert, competent rider enough time to identify and react to most dangerous situations that can occur. 
- The greater the speed differential, the less time a rider has to identify and react to a hazard. 
2) It is not advisable to lane split when traffic flow is at 30 mph or faster --- danger increases as overall speed increases. 
- At just 20 mph, in the 1 or 2 seconds it takes a rider to identify a hazard, that rider will travel approximately 30 to 60 feet before even starting to take evasive action. Actual reaction (braking or swerving) will take additional time and distance. 
- Braking and stopping distance varies greatly based on a multitude of factors (rider, machine and environment). 
- As speed increases, crash severity increases. 
3) Typically, it is safer to split between the #1 and #2 lanes than between other lanes. 
- Other road users are more accustomed to motorcycles splitting between the #1 and #2 (furthest left) lanes. 
- Avoid splitting in lanes near freeway on-ramps and exits. 
- Avoid splitting lanes when another motorcycle rider is splitting between other nearby lanes as cars may make additional room for one rider and accidentally reduce space for another. 
4) Consider the total environment in which you are splitting, including the width of the lanes, size of surrounding vehicles, as well as roadway, weather, and lighting conditions. 
- Some lanes are narrower than others, leaving little room to pass safely. If you can't fit, don't split. 
- Some vehicles are wider than others -- it is not advisable to split near wide trucks. If you can't fit, don't split. 
- Know the limitations of your motorcycle --- wide bars, fairing and bags require more space between vehicles. If you can't fit, don't split. 
- Avoid splitting on unfamiliar roads to avoid surprises such as poor road surfaces. 
- Seams in the pavement or concrete between lanes can be hazardous if they are wide or uneven. 
- Poor visibility, due to darkness or weather conditions, makes it difficult for riders to see road hazards and makes it more difficult for drivers to see you. 
- Help drivers see you by wearing brightly colored protective gear and using high beams during daylight. 
5) Be alert and anticipate possible movements by other road users. 
- Be very aware of what the cars around you are doing. If a space, or gap, opens up next to your lane, be prepared react accordingly. 
- Always be prepared to take evasive action if a vehicle changes lanes. 
- Account for inattentive or distracted drivers. 
- Riders should not weave back and forth between lanes or ride on top of the line. 
- Riders should avoid lingering in blind spots. 
- Never ride while impaired by drugs, alcohol or fatigue. 
- Constantly scan for changing conditions. 
The Four R's or “Be-Attitudes” of Lane Splitting:
Be Reasonable, be Responsible, be Respectful, be aware of all Roadway and traffic conditions. 
- Be Reasonable means not more than 10 MPH faster than traffic flow and not over 39 MPH. 
- Be Responsible for your own safety and decisions. 
Don't put yourself in dangerous positions. 
If you can't fit, don't split. 
- Be Respectful --- sharing the road goes both ways. 
Don't rely on loud pipes to keep you safe, loud pipes often startle people and poison the attitude of car drivers toward motorcyclists. 
Other vehicles are not required to make space for motorcycles to lane split. 
- Be aware Roadways and traffic can be hazardous. 
uneven pavement
wide trucks
distracted drivers 
weather conditions 
curves
etc.
Disclaimers:  
These general guidelines are not guaranteed to keep you safe. 
Lane splitting should not be performed by inexperienced riders. These guidelines assume a high level of riding competency and experience. 
The recommendations contained here are only general guidelines and cannot cover all possible combinations of situations and variables. 
Personal Safety: Every rider has ultimate responsibility for his or her own decision making and safety. Riders must be conscious of reducing crash risk at all times. California law requires all motorcycle riders and passengers wear a helmet that complies with the DOT FMVSS 218 standard. 
Risk of getting a ticket: Motorcyclists who lane split are not relieved of the responsibility to obey all existing traffic laws. With respect to possible law enforcement action, keep in mind that it will be up to the discretion of the Law Enforcement Officer to determine if riding behavior while lane splitting is or was safe and prudent. 
When is it NOT OK to split? 
You should NOT lane split: 
- If you can't fit. 
- At a toll booth. 
- If traffic is moving too fast or unpredictably. 
- If dangerous road conditions exist --- examples include water or grit on the road, slippery road markings, road construction, uneven pavement, metal grates, etc. 
- If you cannot clearly see a way out of the space you're going into (for example, if a van or SUV is blocking your view). 
- Between trucks, buses, RVs, and other wide vehicles. 
- Around or through curves. 
- If you are not fully alert and aware of your surroundings. 
- If you are unable to react to changing conditions instantaneously. 
- If you don't feel comfortable with the situation. 
 
Messages for Other Vehicle Drivers 
1) Lane splitting by motorcycles is not illegal in California when done in a safe and prudent manner. 
2) Motorists should not take it upon themselves to discourage motorcyclists from lane splitting. 
3) Intentionally blocking or impeding a motorcyclist in a way that could cause harm to the rider is illegal (CVC 22400). 
4) Opening a vehicle door to impede a motorcycle is illegal (CVC 22517). 
5) Never drive while distracted. 
6) You can help keep motorcyclists and all road users safe by 
•  Checking mirrors and blind spots, especially before changing lanes or turning 
•  Signaling your intentions before changing lanes or merging with traffic 
•  Allowing more following distance, three or four seconds, when behind a motorcycle so the motorcyclist has enough time to maneuver or stop in an emergency 

Nevada Knife Laws

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Overview of NV Knife Law | Nevada Knife Case Law
Nevada Revised Statutes | City and County Ordinances

Overview of Nevada Knife Laws

State Law
Generally speaking, Nevada law is silent on the carrying of knives, with certain specific exceptions which we will address later on. This means that unless explicitly prohibited by NRS or by city or county ordinance, it is legal to carry a knife in Nevada. Since there is no state preemption law for edged weapons like there is for firearms, municipalities and counties may make any law they wish with respect to the carry of knives. The Nevada Revised Statutes do not specify any maximum allowable blade length, or any restrictions as far as open or concealed knife carry. NRS 202.350 prohibits the possession of any switchblade or belt buckle knife, and makes it illegal to carry a concealed dirk, dagger, or machete. Additionally, NRS 202.320, which prohibits the drawing of a deadly weapon in a threatening manner in any situation where a person's actions do not constitute legitimate and necessary self-defense, applies to knives as well as to firearms.

Note that depending on circumstances, it is possible that carrying a concealed knife that does not fall into any prohibited category might still result in an arrest for carrying a concealed weapon, if it appears that the intent exists to use that knife primarily as a weapon rather than a tool. Remember also that a Nevada concealed firearms permit (CCW) applies to firearms only, and does not allow the carry of any concealed knife that would normally be illegal to carry under state or local law.
Nevada state law (NRS 202.265) makes it illegal to carry certain "dangerous weapons" on property of, or in a vehicle belonging to, a school or child care facility; this includes campuses of the University of Nevada system and the College of Southern Nevada. Prohibited items under this statute include dirks, daggers, switchblades (as defined below), and trefoils (aka throwing stars). While no other prohibited places are listed in Nevada state law, as a general rule, no knives may be taken into any facility with a metal detector at the entrance, including court facilities.

Definitions
Certain of the terms used in the Nevada Revised Statutes discussed here are defined in very specific ways, and an understanding of these definitions is essential to properly understanding what the laws do and do not permit. Interestingly, the words "dirk" and "dagger," although they appear in multiple statutes as a class of prohibited weapon, are not explicitly defined anywhere within the NRS itself. The definitions of these words as a matter of Nevada law derive from a number of Nevada Supreme Court decisions (see below), in which the Court noted that a dagger is traditionally "a short weapon used for thrusting and stabbing and that stabbing is using a pointed weapon to wound or kill" (Huebner v. State, 1987). A dirk is noted in the same decision as functionally being nothing more than a type of dagger. The court also noted in other decisions that any knife cannot automatically be classified as a dirk or dagger at the whim of an arresting officer or a judge, and that some "relevant factors" to consider when making such a determination include whether the knife has handguards and/or a blade that locks in place. In short, the Nevada courts currently accept the legal definition of a dirk or dagger as a pointed knife with a fixed or locking blade, designed primarily or solely as a stabbing weapon. Any double-edged knife with a fixed blade is generally considered to be a dagger.
A switchblade knife is defined by NRS 202.350 as "a spring-blade knife, snap-blade knife or any other knife having the appearance of a pocketknife, any blade of which is 2 or more inches long and which can be released automatically by a flick of a button, pressure on the handle or other mechanical device, or is released by any type of mechanism. The term does not include a knife which has a blade that is held in place by a spring if the blade does not have any type of automatic release." An automatic-opening knife with a blade less than two inches in length is not considered to be a "switchblade" as a matter of Nevada law, and is thus legal to possess and carry.
The blade of a knife is generally considered to be "that portion which is customarily sharpened from the tip of the knife to the tang, or the unsharpened extension of the blade which forms the hinge connecting the blade to the handle," as per the Nevada Supreme Court's decision in Bradvica v. State, 1988 (see below). In other words, only that part of a knife which is designed to be sharpened is considered to be the "blade" for purposes of determining length.
A concealed weapon is defined by NRS 202.350 as any weapon described within that statute, which is carried upon one's person "in such a manner as not to be discernible by ordinary observation." By this definition, if a weapon, or part of it, cannot be seen without first moving clothing out of the way, it is considered to be concealed. The Nevada Supreme Court, as part of its ruling in Huebner v. State (1987), found that a weapon which is visible or partially visible, but appears to be something else (for example, a knife contained within an item such as a pen or hairbrush), is still a concealed weapon even though it is not covered or hidden from view.
NRS 193.165 defines a deadly weapon as "(a) Any instrument which, if used in the ordinary manner contemplated by its design and construction, will or is likely to cause substantial bodily harm or death; (b) Any weapon, device, instrument, material or substance which, under the circumstances in which it is used, attempted to be used or threatened to be used, is readily capable of causing substantial bodily harm or death; or (c) A dangerous or deadly weapon specifically described in NRS 202.255, NRS 202.265, NRS 202.290, NRS 202.320 or NRS 202.350." Additionally, the Nevada Supreme Court, in Zgombic v. State (1990), ruled that for any instrument not so defined by statute to be considered a "deadly weapon," it must satisfy what the Court refers to as the "inherently dangerous" test. A weapon is inherently dangerous in this analysis if it, when “used in the ordinary manner contemplated by its design and construction, will, or is likely to, cause a life-threatening injury or death.” By this standard, most pocketknives or utility knives would not meet the "deadly weapon" criteria because they are designed and constructed for use primarily as tools and not as weapons. Note that under Nevada law, an instrument that does not meet the "deadly weapon" criteria might still qualify as a "dangerous weapon," the test for which is less stringent and is based on whether that item is merely capable of causing death or substantial bodily harm under the circumstances in which it is used.


City and County Knife Laws
In the absence of a state preemption statute, Nevada counties and municipalities are free to enact knife laws which are more restrictive than state law. Very few have done so. Those which have include Clark County and the cities of Las Vegas, North Las Vegas, Henderson, and Reno. Following are synopses of these jurisdictions' knife laws; links to the relevant ordinances can be found below.
  • Clark County - Prohibits concealed knives with blades longer than three inches. No limitation on blade length for knives carried openly.
  • Las Vegas - Prohibits concealed knives with blades longer than three inches. Does not limit blade length for openly carried knives. Prohibits switchblades or automatic opening knives with blades of any length. Prohibits any person from loitering, fighting, or engaging in disorderly conduct while carrying a concealed "deadly weapon" as defined by city ordinance.
  • North Las Vegas - Prohibits concealed knives with blades longer than three inches. No limit on blade length for knives openly carried. Prohibits any switchblade or automatic opener, regardless of blade length. Prohibits the carry of ice picks or "similar sharp stabbing tools" and straight razors. Prohibits loitering, fighting, or disorderly conduct while carrying any concealed weapon.
  • Henderson - Prohibits concealed carry of knives with blades longer than three inches. Prohibits the possession of any knife "commonly known as a switchblade, spring-blade or push button knife," with no limitation on blade length.
  • Reno - Defines a "dangerous knife" as having a blade of more than two inches, and prohibits carry of same in any city park or recreation area. Prohibits, by city ordinance, the carry of any knife in a city courthouse.
State and National Parks
Nevada law does not specifically address carrying a knife within a state park, although NAC 407.105 does state that it is illegal to throw knives or other projectiles in state parks. As far as carrying a knife in any National Park, the only specific statute addressing this is 18 USC 44 § 930, prohibiting "dangerous weapons," which are understood to include knives, in any Federal park building, provided notice is given by means of a sign at the building entrance. Follow relevant state laws otherwise.
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No Duty to Retreat
In May of 2011, Nevada's governor signed AB321 into law. This bill amended NRS 200.120, which deals with the use of deadly force, by specifying that a person who uses deadly force to defend himself has no legal "duty to retreat" prior to doing so as long as he:
  • Is not the original aggressor;
  • Has a right to be present at the location where deadly force is used; and
  • Is not actively engaged in conduct in furtherance of criminal activity at the time deadly force is used.
This statute applies to any use of deadly force, including self-defense with edged weapons.

Nevada Court Cases

Since the Nevada Revised Statutes are largely silent regarding knives, case law has given us a number of important precedents. Following are synopses of a few relevant NV Supreme Court cases, with links to the full text of each decision.
  • Huebner v. State, 1987 - This case is important from the standpoint of Nevada knife law, since it codified two central principles. When arrested for a separate offense, Huebner was in possession of a four-inch knife concealed in what appeared to be a ballpoint pen, and was charged with possession of a concealed weapon and convicted. Huebner claimed that the weapon was not concealed, since the "pen" part of it was clearly visible in his pocket at the time of his arrest, and appealed. In upholding his conviction, the Court clarified that a weapon is still concealed, even if visible, if because of the appearance of the visible portion it appears to be some other implement. A footnote to the Court's decision also specified the definition of "dagger" that has been used by Nevada courts since then, even though such a definition was not central to the case.
  • Bradvica v. State, 1988 - Bradvica was arrested for an unrelated offense and found to be carrying an automatic opening knife with a blade measuring 2 5/16 from tip to handle. He was convicted of carrying a "dangerous knife" under the (since superseded) wording of NRS 202.350 at that time. He appealed his conviction to the Nevada Supreme Court, which found that the wording "dangerous knife" was sufficiently vague as to be meaningless. The Court's opinion also defined the "blade" of a knife as "that portion which is customarily sharpened from the tip of the knife to the tang, or the unsharpened extension of the blade which forms the hinge connecting the blade to the handle." By that definition, the blade of Bradvica's knife only measured 1 15/16 inches, meaning that the knife did not meet the definition of a "switchblade" under Nevada law, being less than two inches long. His conviction was overturned.
  • Zgombic v. State, 1990 - This case introduced the requirement that in order for an item to be a "deadly weapon" for purposes of sentencing or enhancements to sentencing, it must satisfy the "inherently dangerous" test. In Zgombic's case, the object in question was a pair of steel-toed boots, which was demonstrably not, when used "in the ordinary manner contemplated by its design and construction," inherently likely to cause death or substantial bodily harm. While this was not a knife law case per se, the "inherently dangerous" qualification to determine whether or not an instrument should be considered a "deadly weapon" has since been used by the Court in cases that did involve knives.
  • Buff v. State, 1998 - The Nevada Supreme Court's opinion in this case applied the "inherently dangerous" standard for a deadly weapon introduced in Zgombic v. State to a Swiss army knife. The court found that even though the knife in question was used as the weapon in an murder, it was not by definition a "deadly weapon" as it did not meet the requirements of that test.
  • Knight v. State, 2000 - In this case, Knight was convicted of carrying a concealed weapon after being arrested while carrying a steak knife concealed on his person. The Nevada Supreme Court recognized that the steak knife did not constitute a "dirk or dagger" as specified in the CCW statute, and further codified the definition of these two implements by introducing the "relevant factors" of handguards and a locking blade to be considered when determining whether or not a knife meets that definition. The Court also recognized that under the totality of the circumstances surrounding Knight's arrest, it was evident that he was carrying the steak knife to use as a weapon, and therefore his conviction was upheld.


Nevada State Knife Laws

Nevada Revised Statutes
The short titles of each statute are listed below; click on a statute to read the entire text. This is not intended to be a complete or exhaustive list of all Nevada knife or self-defense laws.
  • NRS 202.265 - Possession of dangerous weapon on property or in vehicle of school or child care facility; penalty; exceptions.
  • NRS 202.320 - Drawing deadly weapon in threatening manner.
  • NRS 202.350 - Manufacture, importation, possession or use of dangerous weapon or silencer; carrying concealed weapon without permit; penalties; issuance of permit to carry concealed weapon; exceptions.
  • NRS 202.355 - Manufacture or sale of switchblade knives: Application for permit; eligibility; public hearing; restrictions.
Nevada Administrative Code
  • NAC 407.105 - Possession or use of weapons in state parks.
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City and County Knife Ordinances

The short titles of each city and county ordinance are listed below; click on an ordinance to read the entire text. This is not intended to be a complete or exhaustive list of all city and county knife laws or self-defense laws.
Clark County Ordinances:
Las Vegas City Ordinances:
North Las Vegas City Ordinances:
Henderson Municipal Code:
  • HMC 8.98.010 - Concealed weapons prohibited except by permission.
  • HMC 8.98.070 - Switchblades and similar weapons prohibited.
Reno Municipal Code:

 

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